Effects of Ageing and Sex on Complexity in the Human Sleep EEG: A Comparison of Three Symbolic Dynamic Analysis Methods

Abasolo, Daniel/0000-0002-4268-2885 WOS: 000455753100001 Symbolic dynamic analysis (SDA) methods have been applied to biomedical signals and have been proven efficient in characterising differences in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in various conditions (e.g., epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases). In this study, we investigated the use of SDA on EEGs recorded during sleep. Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC), permutation entropy (PE), and permutation Lempel-Ziv complexity (PLZC), as well as power spectral analysis based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), were applied to 8-h sleep EEG recordings in healthy men (n=31) and women (n=29), aged 20-74 years. The results of the SDA methods and FFT analysis were compared and the effects of age and sex were investigated. Surrogate data were used to determine whether the findings with SDA methods truly reflected changes in nonlinear dynamics of the EEG and not merely changes in the power spectrum. The surrogate data analysis showed that LZC merely reflected spectral changes in EEG activity, whereas PE and PLZC reflected genuine changes in the nonlinear dynamics of the EEG. All three SDA techniques distinguished the vigilance states (i.e., wakefulness, REM sleep, NREM sleep, and its sub-stages: stage 1, stage 2, and slow wave sleep). Complexity of the sleep EEG increased with ageing. Sex on the other hand did not affect the complexity values assessed with any of these three SDA methods, even though FFT detected sex differences. This study shows that SDA provides additional insights into the dynamics of sleep EEG and how it is affected by ageing. Ministry of Education of the Republic of TurkeyMinistry of National Education - Turkey; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit AwardRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme TrustLeverhulme Trust [RPG-2014-267]; H. Lundbeck A/S (Valby, Denmark) The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Turkey for the higher education bursary scheme which provided funding for the Ph.D. of P.D. Tosun. D.-J. Dijk is supported by a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. R. Winsky-Sommerer is supported by a Leverhulme Trust research project grant (RPG-2014-267). The authors would also like to thank Mr. Giuseppe Atzori from the Clinical Research Centre for his advice and support with the dataset. The study for this dataset was funded by H. Lundbeck A/S (Valby, Denmark) and conducted at Surrey Sleep Research Centre (SSRC) and granted to Prof. Derk-Jan Dijk.