Biodiversity, phylogeny and toxin production profile of cyanobacterial strains isolated from lake Latyan in Iran

Monitoring toxigenic cyanobacteria in freshwaters is of great importance due to the adverse health impacts on humans and aquatic organisms. Here we studied cyanobacterial occurrence and biodiversity in a drinking water reservoir in Tehran province, Iran. In total, nine different species representing three orders of Synechococcales, Oscillatoriales and Nostocales were isolated and classified into six families and seven genera ranging from 92.3% to 99.0% similarities in their partial 16S rDNA with GenBank sequences. The cultures were analyzed for cyanotoxins production by the Artemia salina bioassay, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and also screened for the presence of marker genes involved in toxins production. Ethyl acetate extracts of three strains showed more than 50% mortality on A. salina larvae after 24 h at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. Production of at least one of the cyanotoxins, microcystin (MC), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin-a (ATX-a), was detected in 6 of the strains. Seven MC variants with a total concentration of 130.6 ng/mg of biomass dry weight were detected for the strain Phormidium sp. UTMC6001 and molecular screening of the mcyE gene also confirmed the presence of this biomarker in its genome. Our study also revealed the production of CYN in a novel picocyanobacterial strain Cyanobium sp. UTMC6007 at 1.0 ng/mg of biomass dry weight. Considering the limited information on freshwater toxic cyanobacteria taxonomy in the Middle East, these findings will expand our knowledge and consequently aid in development of new water management policies in future.