Stable isotope method for studying transdermal drug absorption: the nicotine patch

A stable isotope-labeled drug method was used to determine the absolute bioavailability and absorption kinetics of a transdermal nicotine-delivery system (TTS). TTSs are being developed as an adjunct to smoking-cessation therapy. Deuterium-labeled nicotine was infused for 24 hours simultaneously to TTS application in cigarette-abstinent smokers. In 11 subjects with good patch adhesion, an average systemic dose of 19 mg nicotine was delivered, with average absolute bioavailability of 82%. The rate of nicotine absorption was maximal between 6 and 12 hours after TTS application and declined thereafter, plateauing between 16 and 24 hours at 62% of the maximal rate. Ten percent of nicotine was absorbed after the TTS was removed, demonstrating a reservoir for nicotine in the skin. Our study demonstrates the applicability of stable isotope methods in understanding the clinical pharmacology of transdermal drugs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 50, 286–293; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.138