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Autophagy inhibitor chloroquine induces apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress
- Source :
- Oncology Letters
- Publication Year :
- 2017
-
Abstract
- Poor prognosis and chemotherapy tolerance are the main obstacles encountered in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial agent, is able to induce sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by functioning as an autophagy inhibitor. The present study indicated that CQ had the ability to induce apoptosis in QBC939 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, using western blotting, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry, it was demonstrated that CQ induced the apoptosis of QBC939 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Analysis by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and confirmation via quantitative PCR technology indicated that the expression levels of growth arrest and DNA damage 153 [C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)], a key molecule involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis, and its downstream death receptors were increased following CQ stimulation. It was considered that the upregulation of CHOP may mediate CQ-induced extrinsic pathways and autophagy-dependent apoptosis; therefore, the role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma treatment was elucidated based on the data demonstrating that CQ regulates the ER-autophagy network in tumor cells. Furthermore, it was considered that CQ may become a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Cancer Research
autophagy
DNA damage
Chemistry
Endoplasmic reticulum
Autophagy
Articles
Cell cycle
CHOP
chloroquine
03 medical and health sciences
030104 developmental biology
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Oncology
Downregulation and upregulation
Apoptosis
Cancer research
endoplasmic reticulum stress
cholangiocarcinoma
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 17921074
- Volume :
- 16
- Issue :
- 3
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Oncology letters
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....5b1dc2da9e371e1c5628583c1a6bc562