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The Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase (CPT) System and Possible Relevance for Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Conditions
- Source :
- Molecular neurobiology. 52(2)
- Publication Year :
- 2015
-
Abstract
- The carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) system is a multiprotein complex with catalytic activity localized within a core represented by CPT1 and CPT2 in the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria, respectively. Two proteins, the acyl-CoA synthase and a translocase also form part of this system. This system is crucial for the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. CPT1 has two well-known isoforms, CPT1a and CPT1b. CPT1a is the hepatic isoform and CPT1b is typically muscular; both are normally utilized by the organism for metabolic processes throughout the body. There is a strong evidence for their involvement in various disease states, e.g., metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and in diabetes mellitus type 2. Recently, a new, third isoform of CPT was described, CPT1c. This is a neuronal isoform and is prevalently localized in brain regions such as hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. These brain regions play an important role in control of food intake and neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. CPT activity has been implicated in several neurological and social diseases mainly related to the alteration of insulin equilibrium in the brain. These pathologies include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. Evolution of both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease is in some way linked to brain insulin and related metabolic dysfunctions with putative links also with the diabetes type 2. Studies show that in the CNS, CPT1c affects ceramide levels, endocannabionoids, and oxidative processes and may play an important role in various brain functions such as learning.
- Subjects :
- medicine.medical_specialty
Neurology
medicine.medical_treatment
Neuroscience (miscellaneous)
Mitochondria, Liver
Disease
Biology
Mitochondrion
Ceramides
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Eating
AMP-activated protein kinase
Multienzyme Complexes
Diabetes mellitus
Internal medicine
Carnitine
medicine
Animals
Humans
Insulin
Learning
Protein Isoforms
Metabolic Syndrome
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
Fatty Acids
Brain
Neurodegenerative Diseases
medicine.disease
Hypoglycemia
Mitochondria
Mitochondria, Muscle
Malonyl Coenzyme A
Endocrinology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Cardiovascular Diseases
biology.protein
Disease Progression
Metabolic syndrome
Energy Metabolism
Oxidation-Reduction
medicine.drug
Endocannabinoids
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15591182
- Volume :
- 52
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Molecular neurobiology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....58a65ee4957370b6b325374b89a9e7c8