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Seasonal Groundwater Quality Status and Nitrogen Contamination in the Shallow Aquifer System of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
- Source :
- Water, Vol 11, Iss 10, p 2184 (2019), Water, Volume 11, Issue 10
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2019.
-
Abstract
- The increasing concentration of nitrogen compounds in the groundwater is of a growing concern in terms of human health and groundwater quality. Although an excess of nitrogen compounds in the groundwater of the Kathmandu Valley has been reported, the seasonal variations of the fate of the nitrogen compounds and their relationships to the subsurface sediments are unknown. In this study, spatially distributed shallow dug well samples were collected during both the dry and wet seasons of 2016, and the nitrogen compound, chloride (Cl&minus<br />), and iron (Fe2+) concentrations were analyzed. Two shallow dug wells and one deep tube well were monitored monthly for 2 years. Although NH4-N concentrations were similar in the clay-dominated areas during both seasons (1 and 0.9 mg-N/L), they were lower in the gravel-dominated areas during wet season (1.8 &gt<br />0.6 mg-N/L). The NO3-N concentration differed depending upon the soil type which increased during the wet season (clay 4.9 &lt<br />13.6 mg-N/L and gravel 2.5 &lt<br />6.8 mg-N/L). The Fe2+ concentration, however, was low during the wet season (clay 2.7 &gt<br />0.4 mg/L and gravel 2.8 &gt<br />0.3 mg/L). Long-term analysis showed higher fluctuation of nitrogen compounds in the gravel-bearing areas than in the clay-bearing areas.
- Subjects :
- inorganic chemicals
Wet season
lcsh:Hydraulic engineering
Tube well
Geography, Planning and Development
0207 environmental engineering
chemistry.chemical_element
Aquifer
02 engineering and technology
010501 environmental sciences
Aquatic Science
01 natural sciences
Biochemistry
water quality
lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
nitrogen contamination
soil type
lcsh:TC1-978
020701 environmental engineering
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Water Science and Technology
Hydrology
geography
seasonal variation
lcsh:TD201-500
geography.geographical_feature_category
Soil type
Nitrogen
nitrification
chemistry
Environmental science
Nitrification
Water quality
shallow groundwater
Groundwater
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 20734441
- Volume :
- 11
- Issue :
- 10
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Water
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....55e568e6a18186d1154a5e8f39c8e813