Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage

To develop and validate a clinical nomogram for individualized predicting hematoma expansion (HE) in patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH).A total of 1025 patients with ICH were retrospectively enrolled in the development cohort between 2010 and 2016. We identified and integrated significant factors for HE to build a nomogram. The model was subjected to validation with a separate cohort of 397 patients from the 2017-2019. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability were measured by concordance index (C-index). The primary outcome was HE, defined as hematoma growth more than 6 mL or 33% increase in the volume.A total of 1025 patients were included for univariable analysis. HE occurred in 180 patients (17.6%). The time to initial CT (≤6h vs.6 h; p = 0.001), NIHSS score (0-4 vs. 5-14 vs. ≥15; p = 0.031), CTA spot sign (yes vs. no vs. absent; p = 0.018), hypodensities (p = 0.000), blend sign (p = 0.005), and INR (1.2 vs. ≥1.2; p = 0.009) were identified and entered into the nomogram. The calibration curves for probability of HE showed optimal agreement between nomogram prediction and actual observation. The C-index was 0.751. The validation cohort consisted of 397 patients and HE occurred in 78 patients (19.6%). The C-index was 0.743.We developed and validated a nomogram that can individually predict HE for ICH in Chinese populations. This practical prognostic nomogram may help clinicians make decision of clinical practice and design of clinical studies.