Directives for Schistosomiasis Control in Endemic Areas of Brazil

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2010) estimates that 7.1 million people are infected with Schistsosoma mansoni in the Americas, 95% of which in Brazil. Resolution CD49.R19 of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO, 2009) urged Member States to commit themselves to eliminate or reduce neglected diseases and other infections related to poverty for which tools exist, to levels so that these diseases are no longer considered public health problems by year 2015. The resolution considered schistosomiasis as one of the diseases whose prevalence can be drastically reduced in the Americas with available cost-effective interventions, and approved goals and strategies to be adopted by the countries according to their health policies, epidemiological situation and health service structure. The present chapter firstly compares similarities and differences in the main goals and primary strategies between the current recommendations of the Brazilian Schistomiasis Control Programme (PCE), Ministry of Health (MS), and those of CD49.R19, with particular emphasis on improving coverage of diagnosis and treatment. Secondly, it examines data from a representative endemic area to provide evidence that an approach including schoolbased diagnosis and treatment would enable short-term improved access to and coverage of the control actions targeted at the school-aged group. Thirdly, it applies spatial analysis to evaluate baseline and post-treatment prevalence data from an endemic locality to show the feasibility of mapping re-infection risk areas based on the identified “hot spots”, thus contributing to improve preventive measures such as environmental sanitation and snail control. Finally, it will be argued that the current MS strategy can be further improved towards the goal of drastically reducing prevalence in the foreseeable future taking into account the epidemiological situation and health service structure without compromising the country’s health policies.