Element Case Studies in the Temperate/Mediterranean Regions of Europe: Nickel

Initial experiments using Mediterranean Ni-hyperaccumulator plants for the purpose of phytomining were carried out in the 1990s. In order to meet commercial phytoextraction requirements, a technology has been developed using hyperaccumulator species with adapted intensive agronomic practices on naturally Ni-rich soils. Ultramafic soils in the Balkans and other parts of Europe display a great variability in Ni concentrations and available Ni levels. In Albania, Vertisols are currently being used for low-productivity agriculture (pasture or arable land) on which phytomining could be included in cropping practices. In northwestern Greece (Pindus and Vourinos mountain regions), agricultural soils may occur on ultramafic Cambisols. In Spain and Austria, these soils are much more erratically distributed and are seldom used for crops and pastures. In the Balkans, Odontarrhena chalcidica (synonym Alyssum murale) occurs widely on these ultramafic soils and is a spontaneous weed that grows among other crops. Field studies across Europe have now been carried out outside Mediterranean areas and have evaluated the Ni-hyperaccumulator O. chalcidica, as well as two other species native to northwestern Greece (Bornmuellera emarginata and B. tymphaea). At each site, local hyperaccumulator plants were tested for comparison (Noccaea goesingense in Austria and Odontarrhena serpyllifolia s.l. in Spain), in the context of two recent EUfunded projects (by Agronickel and LIFEAgromine). Soil and crop management practices are being developed in order to optimize the Ni agromining process. Field studies have evaluated the potential benefits of fertilization regimes, crop selection, and cropping patterns (introducing agroecological practices), and bioaugmentation using plant-associated microorganisms.