Nitrous oxide for pain management during in-office hysteroscopic sterilization: a randomized controlled trial

Objectives To evaluate whether inhaled nitrous oxide with oxygen (N 2 O/O 2 ) is associated with less pain compared to oral sedation for pain management during in-office hysteroscopic sterilization. Study design This double blinded randomized controlled trial enrolled women undergoing in-office hysteroscopic sterilization. All participants received pre-procedure intramuscular ketorolac and a standardized paracervical block. The intervention group also received N 2 O/O 2 via a nasal mask titrated to a maximum 70%:30% mixture by a nurse during the procedure and placebo pills pre-procedure and the active control group received inhaled O 2 during the procedure and 5/325 mg hydrocodone/acetaminophen and 1 mg lorazepam pre-procedure. The primary outcome was maximum procedure pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS with anchors at 0=no pain and 100=worst imaginable pain) assessed 3–5 min post procedure. Thirty women per treatment arm were required to detect a clinically significant pain difference of 20 mm. Results Seventy-two women, 36 per study arm, were randomized. Mean age of participants was 34.1±5.7 years and mean BMI was 30.1±6.6kg/m 2 . Mean maximum procedure pain scores were 22.8±27.6 mm and 54.5±32.7 mm for intervention and control groups, respectively (p 2 O/O 2 should be offered for gynecologic office procedures and 86% would pay for it if not a covered benefit. Conclusions N 2 O/O 2 decreased pain with in-office hysteroscopic sterilization compared to oral sedation and is an effective pain management option for this procedure. Implications Given its safety and favorable side effect profile, N 2 O/O 2 can be used for pain management for in-office hysteroscopic sterilization and adds a safe, easily administered option to currently available strategies.