Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and platelet-derived growth factor-B combination gene therapy prolongs angiogenic effects via recruitment of interstitial mononuclear cells and paracrine effects rather than improved pericyte coverage of angiogenic vessels

Vessel stabilization and the inhibition of side effects such as tissue edema are essential in angiogenic gene therapy. Thus, combination gene transfers stimulating both endothelial cell and pericyte proliferation have become of interest. However, there is currently little data to support combination gene transfer in large animal models. In this study, we evaluated the potential advantages of such a strategy by combining the transfer of adenoviral (Ad) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B into rabbit hindlimb skeletal muscle. AdLacZ alone or in combination with AdVEGF-A were used as controls. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound, modified Miles assay, and immunohistology were used to quantify perfusion, vascular permeability, and capillary size, respectively. Confocal microscopy was used in the assessment of pericyte-coverage. The transfer of AdPDGF-B alone and in combination with AdVEGF-A induced prominent proliferation of α-smooth muscle actin–, CD31-, RAM11-, HAM56-, and VEGF- positive cells. Although, pericyte recruitment to angiogenic vessels was not improved, combination gene transfer induced a longer-lasting increase in perfusion in both intact and ischemic muscles than AdVEGF-A gene transfer alone. In conclusion, intramuscular delivery of AdVEGF-A and AdPDGF-B, combined, resulted in a prolonged angiogenic response. However, the effects were most likely mediated via paracrine mechanisms rather than an increase in vascular pericyte coverage.