Vitamin A and D deficiencies associated with incident tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in multinational case-cohort study

Mark W. Tenforde, MD, MPH,* Ashish Yadav, MBBS, MD, MPH,† David W. Dowdy, MD, PhD, Nikhil Gupte, PhD,§ Rupak Shivakoti, PhD, MSPH,§ Wei-Teng Yang, MD, MPH,k Noluthando Mwelase, MBChB, Cecilia Kanyama, MD,# Sandy Pillay, MBChB,** Wadzanai Samaneka, MBChB, MSc,†† Breno Santos, MD,‡‡ Selvamuthu Poongulali, MBBS,§§ Srikanth Tripathy, MBBS,kk Cynthia Riviere, MD, Sima Berendes, MD, MPH,##*** Javier R. Lama, MD, MPH,††† Sandra W. Cardoso, MD,‡‡‡ Patcharaphan Sugandhavesa, MD,§§§ Rarul Christian, DrPH, MSc,† Richard D. Semba, MD, MPH,kkk Thomas B. Campbell, MD, and Amita Gupta, MD, MHS,†§ the NWCS319 and ACTG 5175 study team From the *Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Departments of †International Health; ‡Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; §Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; kDepartment of Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport, CT; Department of Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; #UNC Lilongwe, Lilongwe, Malawi; **Durban International Clinical Research Site, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; ††University of Zimbabwe Clinical Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe; ‡‡Hospital Nossa Senhora de Conceicao, Porto Alegre, Brazil; §§YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India; kkNational AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India; Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti; ##Malawi College of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Blantyre, Malawi; ***Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; †††Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru; ‡‡‡STD/AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; §§§Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand; kkkDepartment of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.