Glycodelin expression in pregnant patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a case-control study

We aimed to evaluate glycodelin immunostaining in pregnant women with a first diagnosis of cervical intraephitelial neoplasia (CIN) and to correlate the expression of CIN with Ki-67 and glycodelin immunostaining. A retrospective case-control study was performed including 20 patients with natural pregnancy and with first time onset of CIN occurring not later than 16 gestational weeks. The control group included 20 non-pregnant patients matched for age, parity, smoking status and number of previous sexual partners. Exclusion criteria included previous cervical treatment, immunocompromised status and chronic hepatitis B and/or C. Staining for Glycodelin and for Ki-67 was expressed using a classification based on the distribution of positivity on a semi-quantitative three-point scale. An inverse relationship was observed between glycodelin immunostaining and CIN grade in pregnant patients (p = 0.01), with a significantly higher expression in CIN1 than in CIN2 and CIN3, but not in non-pregnant patients (p = 0.81). Positivity for Ki-67 was less intense in pregnant than in non-pregnant patients. A significant inverse relationship was observed between glycodelin immunostaining and Ki-67 expression (p = 0.02). We suggest that the higher expression of glycodelin in pregnancy is related to a lower proliferative activity in CIN, which is probably associated to hormonal status of pregnancy. Further clinical studies are needed to support these findings.