Molecular effects of diphenyl diselenide on cholesterol and glucose cell metabolism

""This study was designed to investigate the molecular effects of diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) on cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. The protein levels of both total and phosphorylated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR and P-HMGR), low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLr) and the proteins involved in their regulatory network were analyzed by Western blotting, and the effect of (PhSe)2 on HMGR activity was measured. Additionally, we also evaluated the effects of this compound on glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation using fluorescence microscopy in L6 skeletal muscle cell line. Results demonstrated that (PhSe)2 increased P-HMGR, HMGR, and LDLr protein levels as well as simvastatin treatment, which was used as positive control, without directly affecting HMGR activity. We observed that both long- and short-term HMGR regulation mechanisms are involved in the effects of (PhSe)2, as this compound was able to augment Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP)-1 and Insulin induced gene (Insig)1 protein levels, and to increase AMP activated kinase (AMPK) activation state. We also found that, in L6 skeletal myotubes, 10 μ M (PhSe)2 increases GLUT4 translocation through AMPK activation Taken together, these findings suggest that (PhSe)2 can modulate the expression of some proteins involved in cholesterol and glucose cell metabolism.. . ""