Inclusion of a latissimus dorsi segment in an extended lower trapezius musculocutaneous flap facilitates complex defect reconstruction

The pedicled lower trapezius musculocutaneous flap (LTMF) can extend far beyond the lateral border of the trapezius muscle, with a reliable blood supply. However, the distal part of the extended LTMF lacks a muscular component, limiting its usage in complex defect reconstruction, which often requires obliteration of dead space and coverage of vital structures. To overcome this limitation, we modified the LTMF by adding a segment of latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM). Between 2014 and 2021, the modified extended LTMF was used to reconstruct complex defects in the head, neck, shoulder, and contralateral chest wall and back in 19 patients. By preserving the interconnections between the branches of the posterior intercostal arteries, we were able to include various amounts of LDM within the extended LTMF. The LDM component was used to obliterate dead space and repair wounds involving cerebrospinal fluid leakage, infection, radioactive osteomyelitis, exposed carotid artery, lung, and implant materials. The average flap size was 30.7 cm × 10.9 cm (range: 25 × 8 cm-40 × 14 cm). The average size of the LDM was 113.9 cm