Uncertainties in lung motion prediction relying on external surrogate: a 4DCT study in regular vs. irregular breathers

This paper examines the uncertainty in estimating lung motion from external surrogates for lung cancer patients with regular and irregular breathing. 4DCT data sets were analyzed using a template matching algorithm to track the spatial movement of vessel bifurcations in 12 patients. The detected internal movement of features in 3D was retrospectively synchronized with the RPM surrogate signal, and the correlation index R2 and the prediction error were computed. Patients were classified into two groups depending on the presence or not of irregularities in their breathing pattern. Peak-to-peak values of feature motion in the SI direction ranged from 0.8 mm (upper lung) to 25.3 mm (lower lung). Some patients exhibited large motion also in the latero-lateral (10.6 mm) and anterior-posterior (12.2 mm) directions. The median ± quartile of R2 in SI direction was 0.89 ± 0.09. Prediction error values were up to 4.2 mm (95th percentile) with a maximum value of 4.9 mm. Statistical differences between regular and irregular breathers were found for R2, while prediction error depended only on the range of motion. This study is relevant for image guided radiotherapy methods that rely on external surrogates to monitor motion.