Specific enzyme immobilization approaches and their application with nanomaterials

Nanotechnology-inspired biocatalysts have aroused much interest recently because nanomaterials can provide the upper limits on enzyme-efficiency-determining factors. Non-specific immobilization approaches often face problems of enzyme leaching, 3D structure change and mass transfer resistance. Here, we focus on the review of specific enzyme immobilization approaches and have separated them into non-covalent and covalent categories.