Waterbus system optimisation for low-carbon transportation

This paper compares the operation of waterbuses and overland buses from an environmental perspective. A two-stage model considering carbon dioxide emissions is established. The first stage covers the transit modal split and the objective of the second stage is to maximise the benefit of waterbus operations. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve the model. Dalian city in China is chosen as an example to prove the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. The data show that the proposed model for waterbus operational optimisation has practical significance.