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Establishing nonlinearity thresholds with ultraintense X-ray pulses
- Source :
- Scientific Reports, Scientific Reports, 6
- Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- X-ray techniques have evolved over decades to become highly refined tools for a broad range of investigations. Importantly, these approaches rely on X-ray measurements that depend linearly on the number of incident X-ray photons. The advent of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is opening the ability to reach extremely high photon numbers within ultrashort X-ray pulse durations and is leading to a paradigm shift in our ability to explore nonlinear X-ray signals. However, the enormous increase in X-ray peak power is a double-edged sword with new and exciting methods being developed but at the same time well-established techniques proving unreliable. Consequently, accurate knowledge about the threshold for nonlinear X-ray signals is essential. Herein we report an X-ray spectroscopic study that reveals important details on the thresholds for nonlinear X-ray interactions. By varying both the incident X-ray intensity and photon energy, we establish the regimes at which the simplest nonlinear process, two-photon X-ray absorption (TPA), can be observed. From these measurements we can extract the probability of this process as a function of photon energy and confirm both the nature and sub-femtosecond lifetime of the virtual intermediate electronic state.<br />Scientific Reports, 6<br />ISSN:2045-2322
- Subjects :
- Free electron model
Photon
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Physics::Optics
02 engineering and technology
Photon energy
Physical Chemistry
01 natural sciences
Article
law.invention
law
0103 physical sciences
010306 general physics
Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
Condensed-matter physics
Fysikalisk kemi
Physics
Range (particle radiation)
Multidisciplinary
business.industry
021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology
Laser
Computational physics
Pulse (physics)
Nonlinear system
0210 nano-technology
Telecommunications
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 20452322
- Volume :
- 6
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Scientific reports
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....41fcfff27953a98b51fd8694e27d7bba