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Risk factors and spatio-temporal patterns of livestock anthrax in Khuvsgul Province, Mongolia
- Source :
- PLoS ONE, PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 11 (2021), PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 11, p e0260299 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Public Library of Science, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Anthrax is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Anthrax has long been a public health and socio-economic issue in Mongolia. Presently, there is no spatial information on carcass burial sites as a potential hazard of future anthrax outbreaks and possible risk factors associated with anthrax occurrences in Mongolia. Here, we analyze retrospective data (1986–2015) on the disposal sites of livestock carcasses to describe historical spatio-temporal patterns of livestock anthrax in Khuvsgul Province, which showed the highest anthrax incidence rate in Mongolia. From the results of spatial mean and standard deviational ellipse analyses, we found that the anthrax spatial distribution in livestock did not change over the study period, indicating a localized source of exposure. The multi-distance spatial cluster analysis showed that carcass sites distributed in the study area are clustered. Using kernel density estimation analysis on carcass sites, we identified two anthrax hotspots in low-lying areas around the south and north regions. Notably, this study disclosed a new hotspot in the northern part that emerged in the last decade of the 30-year study period. The highest proportion of cases was recorded in cattle, whose prevalence per area was highest in six districts (i.e., Murun, Chandmani-Undur, Khatgal, Ikh-Uul, Tosontsengel, and Tsagaan-Uul), suggesting that vaccination should prioritize cattle in these districts. Furthermore, size of outbreaks was influenced by the annual summer mean air temperature of Khuvsgul Province, probably by affecting the permafrost freeze-thawing activity.
- Subjects :
- Bacterial Diseases
Permafrost
Bacillus
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Zoonotic disease
Disease Outbreaks
Geographical Locations
Medical Conditions
Risk Factors
Zoonoses
Microbial Physiology
Medicine and Health Sciences
Public and Occupational Health
Bacterial Physiology
Socioeconomics
Animal Management
Multidisciplinary
Vaccination
Temperature
Agriculture
Hazard
Vaccination and Immunization
Bacterial Pathogens
Geography
Infectious Diseases
Veterinary Diseases
Medical Microbiology
Air temperature
Medicine
Livestock
Public Health
Seasons
Pathogens
Research Article
Veterinary Medicine
Asia
Science
Immunology
Bacillus Anthracis
Spatial cluster analysis
Spatial distribution
Microbiology
Retrospective data
Anthrax
Animals
Bacterial Spores
Microbial Pathogens
Retrospective Studies
Spatial Analysis
Bacteria
business.industry
fungi
Organisms
Outbreak
Biology and Life Sciences
Bacteriology
Mongolia
People and Places
Veterinary Science
Livestock Care
Cattle
Preventive Medicine
business
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 19326203
- Volume :
- 16
- Issue :
- 11
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- PLoS ONE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....4069d7cf1fd3acb89dba8365348877e1