Requisite Role for Interleukin-4 in the Acceleration of Fatty Streaks Induced by Heat Shock Protein 65 or Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract —Atherosclerotic lesions can be induced in rabbits and mice immunized with heat shock protein 65 (HSP65). In the current study, we investigated the role of interleukin (IL)-4 in the HSP65- and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT)–induced models that exhibit an inflammatory phenotype. Fatty streak formation in IL-4–knockout (IL-4 KO) mice immunized with HSP65 or MT was significantly reduced when compared with lesions in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. However, when injected with control (HSP-free) adjuvant, no differences were evident in the lesion size between wild-type and the IL-4 KO mice. Next, we studied comparatively the extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to HSP65 in the IL-4 KO and wild-type mice, as those are thought to be influential in murine atherosclerosis. Anti-HSP65 antibody levels were reduced in the HSP65-immunized IL-4 KO mice as compared with their wild-type littermates, whereas no differences were evident between the groups with respect to the primary cellular immune response to HSP65. Other than the absence of IL-4 in the knockout mice, the pattern of secreting cytokines interferon-γ and IL-10 in concanavalin A–primed splenocytes was similar between the groups. HSP65-primed inguinal lymphocytes from IL-4 KO mice immunized with HSP65 secreted higher levels of interferon-γ (previously shown to be proatherogenic in vivo) as compared with their wild-type controls. 12-/15-Lipoxygenase expression, known to be regulated by IL-4 and to contribute to murine atherosclerosis, in the lesions was not influenced by the immunization protocol used or by IL-4 disruption. Thus, IL-4 may prove a principal cytokine in the progression of early “inflammatory” atherosclerotic lesions and may serve as a target for immunomodulation.