Microgeographic variation in early fitness traits of Pinus sylvestris from contrasting soils

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The possibility of fine-scale intraspecific adaptive divergence under gene flow is established by theoretical models and has been confirmed empirically in tree populations distributed along steep altitudinal clines or across extreme edaphic discontinuities. However, the possibility of microgeographic adaptive divergence due to less severe but more frequent kinds of soil variation is unclear.
This work was supported by a CGL2015-64164-R project grant to J.J.R.-A. and Delphine Grivet (ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC) and by a BES-2016-078969 Ph.D. dissertation grant to A.J.-R., both co-financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). We thank Delphine Grivet, Ricardo Alía, Rodrigo Pulido, Fernando Del Caño, Sergio San Segundo, Eduardo Ballesteros, and Regina Chambel (ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC) for helping with field and greenhouse work. We express our gratitude to Salvador Sastre and Isabel González from the Forest Ecology Laboratory (ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC) for conducting the soil analysis. We also thank the staff at the Dirección Provincial de Agricultura, Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Rural en Guadalajara (Dirección General de Política Forestal y Espacios Naturales) for field work permit number 1080766. We thank Ivan Scotti and an anonymous reviewer for constructive suggestions on the manuscript.