Predicting Postoperative Anterior Chamber Angle for Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation Using Preoperative Anterior Segment Metrics

The anterior chamber angle (ACA) is a critical factor in posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (EVO Implantable Collamer Lens [ICL]) implantation. Herein, we predicted postoperative ACAs to select the optimal ICL size to reduce narrow ACA-related complications.Regression models were constructed using pre-operative anterior segment optical coherence tomography metrics to predict postoperative ACAs, including trabecular-iris angles (TIAs) and scleral-spur angles (SSAs) at 500 µm and 750 µm from the scleral spur (TIA500, TIA750, SSA500, and SSA750). Data from three expert surgeons were assigned to the development (N = 430 eyes) and internal validation (N = 108 eyes) datasets. Additionally, data from a novice surgeon (N = 42 eyes) were used for external validation.Postoperative ACAs were highly predictable using the machine-learning (ML) technique (extreme gradient boosting regression [XGBoost]), with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 4.42 degrees, 3.77 degrees, 5.25 degrees, and 4.30 degrees for TIA500, TIA750, SSA500, and SSA750, respectively, in internal validation. External validation also showed MAEs of 3.93 degrees, 3.86 degrees, 5.02 degrees, and 4.74 degrees for TIA500, TIA750, SSA500, and SSA750, respectively. Linear regression using the pre-operative anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber width, crystalline lens rise, TIA, and ICL size also exhibited good performance, with no significant difference compared with XGBoost in the validation sets.We developed linear regression and ML models to predict postoperative ACAs for ICL surgery anterior segment metrics. These will prevent surgeons from overlooking the risks associated with the narrowing of the ACA.Using the proposed algorithms, surgeons can consider the postoperative ACAs to increase surgical accuracy and safety.