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Homeostasis of the Intraparenchymal-Blood Glutamate Concentration Gradient: Maintenance, Imbalance, and Regulation
- Source :
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Vol 10 (2017), Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
- Publication Year :
- 2017
- Publisher :
- Frontiers Media SA, 2017.
-
Abstract
- It is widely accepted that glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). However, there is also a large amount of glutamate in the blood. Generally, the concentration gradient of glutamate between intraparenchymal and blood environments is stable. However, this gradient is dramatically disrupted under a variety of pathological conditions, resulting in an amplifying cascade that causes a series of pathological reactions in the CNS and peripheral organs. This eventually seriously worsens a patient’s prognosis. These two “isolated” systems are rarely considered as a whole even though they mutually influence each other. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the maintenance, imbalance and regulatory mechanisms that control the intraparenchymal-blood glutamate concentration gradient, discuss the interrelationships between these systems and further explore their significance in clinical practice.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
brain diseases
concentration gradient
Central nervous system
glutamate
Review
Biology
blood–brain barrier
Blood–brain barrier
Excitatory neurotransmitter
lcsh:RC321-571
03 medical and health sciences
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
0302 clinical medicine
medicine
lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Molecular Biology
Pathological
Glutamate receptor
Endothelial stem cell
030104 developmental biology
medicine.anatomical_structure
endothelial cell
glutamate transporter
Concentration gradient
Neuroscience
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Homeostasis
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 16625099
- Volume :
- 10
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....3ddf1ce8cf5c86979eeff05a0e67db06