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Children's exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through mouthing toys
- Source :
- Environment International, Vol 87, Iss, Pp 101-107 (2016), Ionas, A C, Ulevicus, J, Gómez, A B, Brandsma, S H, Leonards, P E G, van de Bor, M & Covaci, A 2016, ' Children's exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through mouthing toys ', Environment International, vol. 87, pp. 101-107 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.018, Environment International, 87, 101-107. Elsevier Limited, Environment international
- Publication Year :
- 2016
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2016.
-
Abstract
- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have previously been detected in children toys, yet the risk of child exposure to these chemicals through the mouthing of toys or other items is still unknown. We aimed to expand on the current knowledge by investigating the impact of infants' mouthing activities on exposure to PBDEs present in toys. This was established by a leaching model for determining the amount PBDEs that can leach from toys into saliva in simulated conditions. The PBDE migration rate was at its highest for the 15 min low-exposure scenario incubations (198 pg/cm2 × min) with the ERM EC-591 certified reference material (CRM) (0.17% w/w PBDEs). The leaching process was congener-dependent, since the percentage of lower brominated PBDE congeners that leached out was up to 4.5 times higher than for the heavier PBDEs. To study the scenario in which a child would mouth on a toy flame retarded with BDE 209 alone, a plastic item containing 7% BDE 209 (w/w) was also tested. The BDE 209 amounts leached out in only 15 min were higher than the amounts leached from the CRM after the 16 h incubation. For the Belgian population, the exposure scenario from mouthing on toys containing PBDEs in amounts similar to the REACH threshold was found to be lower than the exposure from mother's milk, but higher than the exposure through diet or even dust. Keywords: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Mouthing, Plastics, Exposure assessment, In vitro, Saliva
- Subjects :
- endocrine system
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
Population
010501 environmental sciences
Research Support
behavioral disciplines and activities
01 natural sciences
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Theoretical
Models
Journal Article
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
Humans
Preschool
Non-U.S. Gov't
Child
Saliva
education
Biology
lcsh:Environmental sciences
reproductive and urinary physiology
Flame Retardants
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
General Environmental Science
Exposure assessment
lcsh:GE1-350
Mouth
education.field_of_study
Milk, Human
Chemistry
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
technology, industry, and agriculture
Infant
Dust
Environmental Exposure
Environmental exposure
Models, Theoretical
humanities
Play and Playthings
Milk
Child, Preschool
Environmental chemistry
Female
Mouthing
Human
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 01604120
- Volume :
- 87
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Environment International
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....3db3f55dd98ec072b26e73d537abcd92