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The Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Treatment Strategies for Fear and Drug Addiction
- Source :
- Advances in Protein Kinases
- Publication Year :
- 2012
- Publisher :
- InTech, 2012.
-
Abstract
- Fear-avoidance and reward-seeking are necessary motivations to guide survival; however, both can lead to maladaptive behavior when expressed inappropriately, manifesting as anxiety disorders and drug addiction. Both disorders are a major worldwide public health concern with a high co-morbidity (M. S. O'Brien et al., 2005; Wasserman et al., 1997). Specifically, the World Health Organization (WHO) pin-pointed generalized anxiety disorder and substance abuse as the most common mental disorders across the world, ranking them highly as a cause of disease burden (WHO, 2001). Furthermore, in the recent United States National Comorbidity Survey Replication study, it was reported that 18.1% and 8.9% of adults met the 12-month Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for an anxiety or substance abuse disorder, respectively (Kessler et al., 2005). These staggering statistics also highlight the economic costs of anxiety disorders and substance abuse. For example, one estimate puts the yearly economic cost of alcohol abuse to be $148 billion, and the economic cost of harmful drug use and dependence has been estimated to be $98 billion in the United States alone (Harwood et al., 1998). Another study reported the economic cost of anxiety disorders to be $42 billion in the United States (Greenberg et al., 1999).
- Subjects :
- medicine.medical_specialty
Generalized anxiety disorder
business.industry
Addiction
media_common.quotation_subject
Public health
Alcohol abuse
medicine.disease
Substance abuse
National Comorbidity Survey
medicine
Anxiety
medicine.symptom
Psychiatry
business
Disease burden
media_common
Clinical psychology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Advances in Protein Kinases
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....3c13fc889b1ae8e9c7d79265aab9f1a7