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How multiple farming conditions correlate with the composition of the raw cow's milk lactic microbiome
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Questionnaires on farming conditions were retrieved from 2,129 dairy farms and clustered, resulting in 106 representative raw cow`s milk samples analyzed in winter and summer. Substantiating the efficiency of our survey, some farming conditions affected the milk physicochemical composition. Culturing identified several species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) per milk, whose number increased through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenome analyses. Season, indoor vs. outdoor housing, cow numbers, milk substitutes, ratio cattle/rest area, house care system during lactation, and urea and medium chain fatty acids correlated with the overall microbiome composition and the LAB diversity within it. Shotgun metagenome detected variations in gene numbers and uniqueness per milk. LAB functional pathways differed among milk samples. Focusing on amino acid metabolisms and matching the retrieved annotated genes vs. non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) references from KEGG and corresponding to those identified, all samples had the same gene spectrum for each pathway. Conversely, gene redundancy varied among samples and agreed with NSLAB diversity. Milk samples with higher numbers of NSLAB species harbored higher number of copies per pathway, which would enable steady state towards perturbations. Some farming conditions, which affected the microbiome richness, also correlated with the NSLAB composition and functionality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Subjects :
- Farms
Gene redundancy
Biology
Microbiology
03 medical and health sciences
chemistry.chemical_compound
Milk substitute
Lactation
medicine
Animals
Microbiome
Food science
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
030304 developmental biology
0303 health sciences
030306 microbiology
Microbiota
Fatty Acids
food and beverages
biology.organism_classification
Lactic acid
Milk
medicine.anatomical_structure
chemistry
Metagenomics
Metagenome
Cattle
Female
Composition (visual arts)
Bacteria
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....3a297124d9a427d96edd1c3de5b09edb