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Toxic Impact of Bromide and Iodide on Drinking Water Disinfected with Chlorine or Chloramines
- Source :
- Environmental Science & Technology. 48:12362-12369
- Publication Year :
- 2014
- Publisher :
- American Chemical Society (ACS), 2014.
-
Abstract
- Disinfectants inactivate pathogens in source water; however, they also react with organic matter and bromide/iodide to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Although only a few DBP classes have been systematically analyzed for toxicity, iodinated and brominated DBPs tend to be the most toxic. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine if monochloramine (NH2Cl) disinfection generated drinking water with less toxicity than water disinfected with free chlorine (HOCl) and (2) to determine the impact of added bromide and iodide in conjunction with HOCl or NH2Cl disinfection on mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genomic DNA damage induction. Water disinfected with chlorine was less cytotoxic but more genotoxic than water disinfected with chloramine. For both disinfectants, the addition of Br(-) and I(-) increased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity with a greater response observed with NH2Cl disinfection. Both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were highly correlated with TOBr and TOI. However, toxicity was weakly and inversely correlated with TOCl. Thus, the forcing agents for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were the generation of brominated and iodinated DBPs rather than the formation of chlorinated DBPs. Disinfection practices need careful consideration especially when using source waters containing elevated bromide and iodide.
- Subjects :
- Bromides
Halogenation
Iodide
chemistry.chemical_element
Portable water purification
CHO Cells
medicine.disease_cause
Water Purification
chemistry.chemical_compound
Cricetulus
Bromide
Toxicity Tests
Chlorine
medicine
Animals
Environmental Chemistry
Cytotoxicity
chemistry.chemical_classification
Chloramine
Drinking Water
Chloramines
General Chemistry
Iodides
Disinfection
chemistry
Environmental chemistry
Toxicity
Genotoxicity
Disinfectants
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15205851 and 0013936X
- Volume :
- 48
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....3a0b6a33f6d7a6027824a94f06b5af44