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Mechanisms underpinning poor antibody responses to vaccines in ageing
- Source :
- Immunology Letters
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2022.
-
Abstract
- Highlights • Older people are more susceptible to poor health outcomes after infection. • Ageing is associated with reduced antibody titres in response to vaccination, limiting vaccine efficacy. • A key contributing factor to the poor humoral immunity in ageing is the reduced size and function of the germinal centre response. • The diminished germinal centre response in ageing can be attributed to changes in many of the cellular players involved in the response.<br />Vaccines are a highly effective intervention for conferring protection against infections and reducing the associated morbidity and mortality in vaccinated individuals. However, ageing is often associated with a functional decline in the immune system that results in poor antibody production in older individuals after vaccination. A key contributing factor of this age-related decline in vaccine efficacy is the reduced size and function of the germinal centre (GC) response. GCs are specialised microstructures where B cells undergo affinity maturation and diversification of their antibody genes, before differentiating into long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. The GC response requires the coordinated interaction of many different cell types, including B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells and stromal cell subsets like follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). This review discusses how ageing affects different components of the GC reaction that contribute to its limited output and ultimately impaired antibody responses in older individuals after vaccination. An understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the age-related decline in the GC response is crucial in informing strategies to improve vaccine efficacy and extend the healthy lifespan amongst older people.
- Subjects :
- Aging
Cell type
Stromal cell
Longevity
Immunology
Antibody Affinity
B-Lymphocyte Subsets
T cells
Vaccine Efficacy
Tfh, T follicular helper
FCRL5, Fc receptor-like 5
FRC, Follicular reticular cell
Biology
GC, Germinal centre
Affinity maturation
Immune system
BCR, B cell receptor
Tfr, T follicular regulatory
IgVH, Heavy chain variable domain of immunoglobulin
AID, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Humans
Immunology and Allergy
ICOS, Inducible T-cell costimulator
cTfh, Circulating T follicular helper
Aged
MHC, Major histocompatibility complex
IFN-I, Type I interferon
B cells
Invited Review
CRC, CXCL12-producing reticular cell
Germinal centre
Follicular dendritic cells
TCR, T cell receptor
Vaccination
ABC, Atypical/age-associated B cell
Germinal Center
Treg, Regulatory T cell
Vaccine efficacy
Immunity, Humoral
Ageing
CDR3, Complementarity determining 3 region
SHM, Somatic hypermutation
FDC, Follicular dendritic cell
cDC1, Type I conventional dendritic cell
biology.protein
Antibody
Vaccine
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 01652478
- Volume :
- 241
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Immunology Letters
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....323f132317546bf6bbf077cfb9b39d0a