High-Fidelity Virtual Reality Simulation for the Middle Cranial Fossa Approach-Modules for Surgical Rehearsal and Education

Virtual reality simulation has gained prominence as a valuable surgical rehearsal and education tool in neurosurgery. Approaches to the internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle, and ventral brainstem region using the middle cranial fossa are not well explored by simulation.We hope to contribute to this paucity in simulation tools devoted to the lateral skull base, specifically the middle cranial fossa approach.Eight high-resolution microcomputed tomography scans of human cadavers were used as volumetric data sets to construct a high-fidelity visual and haptic rendering of the middle cranial fossa using CardinalSim software. Critical neurovascular structures related to this region of the skull base were segmented and incorporated into the modules.The virtual models illustrate the 3-dimensional anatomic relationships of neurovascular structures in the middle cranial fossa and allow a realistic interactive drilling environment. This is facilitated by the ability to render bone opaque or transparent to reveal the proximity to critical anatomy allowing for practice of the virtual dissection in a graduated fashion.We have developed a virtual library of middle cranial fossa approach models, which integrate relevant neurovascular structures with aims to improve surgical training and education. A ready extension is the potential for patient-specific application and pathology.