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Viewing distance of smartphones in presbyopic and non-presbyopic age
- Source :
- Journal of Optometry
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- Elsevier, 2020.
-
Abstract
- Purpose The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to measure habitual viewing distance with smartphones in individuals of different ages, and to identify factors influencing viewing distance. Material Gender, reading position, forearm length, ametropia, correction modality, and near vision quality were investigated as factors affecting viewing distance. Participants were asked to read a typical text message on their own smartphone, while sitting and standing. A total of 233 subjects (129 females and 104 males), aged from 16 to 90 years old, were included and divided in two groups: 131 non-presbyopes (median 21.1, range 16 − 39), and 102 presbyopes (median 54.5, range 42 − 90). Results Mean viewing distance was 36.1 ± 7.2 cm while sitting, and 37.4 ± 6.8 cm while standing (P < 0.05), and 36.8 +/- 6.6 cm overall. The average viewing distance was 35.0 ± 6.4 cm in non-presbyopes, and 39.0 ± 6.1 cm in presbyopes (P < 0.05). The average viewing distance was 34.7 ± 6.2 cm in females, and 38.2 ± 6.3 cm in males (P < 0.001). Conclusions Significant differences between males and females were observed, due to the different average body size between the two gender groups. Average viewing distance with smartphones in presbyopes matched approximately to the typical near reading distance of 40 cm. In the non-presbyopic group, the accommodative demand when reading a smartphone was slightly higher than in the presbyopic group. High variability was observed in both age groups, without a statistically significant correlation with other assessed factors as reading position, ametropia, correction modality, and near vision quality.
- Subjects :
- Adult
Male
medicine.medical_specialty
Adolescent
High variability
Visual Acuity
Reading distance
Audiology
Sitting
Text message
03 medical and health sciences
Near vision
Young Adult
0302 clinical medicine
Age groups
medicine
Electronic devices
Humans
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
business.industry
Accommodation, Ocular
Presbyopia
Middle Aged
medicine.disease
Forearm length
Smartphones
Cross-Sectional Studies
030221 ophthalmology & optometry
Original Article
Female
Smartphone
business
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Optometry
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 19891342 and 18884296
- Volume :
- 14
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Journal of Optometry
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....2c828b108e0fc17c7c3e518fbfc6e01d