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Limb positioning and initiation: An evolutionary context of pattern and formation
- Source :
- Developmental Dynamics. 250:1264-1279
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Wiley, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Before limbs or fins, can be patterned and grow they must be initiated. Initiation of the limb first involves designating a portion of lateral plate mesoderm along the flank as the site of the future limb. Following specification, a myriad of cellular and molecular events interact to generate a bud that will grow and form the limb. The past three decades has provided a wealth of understanding on how those events generate the limb bud and how variations in them result in different limb forms. Comparatively, much less attention has been given to the earliest steps of limb formation and what impacts altering the position and initiation of the limb have had on evolution. Here, we first review the processes and pathways involved in these two phases of limb initiation, as determined from amniote model systems. We then broaden our scope to examine how variation in the limb initiation module has contributed to biological diversity in amniotes. Finally, we review what is known about limb initiation in fish and amphibians, and consider what mechanisms are conserved across vertebrates.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Limb Buds
biology
Lateral plate mesoderm
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Extremities
Context (language use)
biology.organism_classification
Biological Evolution
Mesoderm
body regions
03 medical and health sciences
Limb bud
030104 developmental biology
0302 clinical medicine
Evolutionary biology
Vertebrates
Evolutionary developmental biology
Animals
Limb development
Amniote
Heterochrony
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Developmental Biology
Limb formation
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 10970177 and 10588388
- Volume :
- 250
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Developmental Dynamics
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....2bd15201a70a844830c8a09818b299e8