Asymmetric base-pair opening drives helicase unwinding dynamics

Significance Six decades after DNA structure was first revealed, fundamental questions remain open. How is the entwined embrace of double-stranded nucleic acids formed or disrupted? How does the energetics underlying this process influence nucleic-acid processing machineries? By combining simulations and experiments, our work addresses these questions and reveals that asymmetric base-pair dynamics drives the stepwise separation of nucleic acid duplexes, predicts the unwinding efficiency of helicases, and intimately relates the intrinsic dynamics of base pairs to the enzymatic mechanism evolved for their opening. Taken together, our data suggest a layer of regulation of the genetic material encoded in the “unwindability” of the double helix.
The opening of a Watson–Crick double helix is required for crucial cellular processes, including replication, repair, and transcription. It has long been assumed that RNA or DNA base pairs are broken by the concerted symmetric movement of complementary nucleobases. By analyzing thousands of base-pair opening and closing events from molecular simulations, here, we uncover a systematic stepwise process driven by the asymmetric flipping-out probability of paired nucleobases. We demonstrate experimentally that such asymmetry strongly biases the unwinding efficiency of DNA helicases toward substrates that bear highly dynamic nucleobases, such as pyrimidines, on the displaced strand. Duplex substrates with identical thermodynamic stability are thus shown to be more easily unwound from one side than the other, in a quantifiable and predictable manner. Our results indicate a possible layer of gene regulation coded in the direction-dependent unwindability of the double helix.