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Waste Willow-Bark from Salicylate Extraction Successfully Reused as an Amendment for Sewage Sludge Composting
- Source :
- Sustainability, Volume 13, Issue 12, Sustainability, Vol 13, Iss 6771, p 6771 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Due to the fact that compost is a valuable fertilizer that serves principally as a source of macronutrients, composting is one of the preferred methods of management of organic waste, including municipal sewage sludge. However, due to its high moisture content and low C/N ratio, sewage sludge cannot be composted alone. This study investigated the usefulness of waste willow-bark (WWB) (after salicylate extraction) as an amendment for municipal sewage-sludge composting in a two-stage system: an aerated bioreactor and a periodically turned windrow. Both organic matter (OM) removal and humification progress were monitored. It was found that the prepared feedstock (70% sewage sludge, 25% WWB, and 5% wood chips, w/w) enabled proper temperature profiles to be obtained, with a maximum temperature of 72.3 °C. The rate constant of OM degradation in the bioreactor was 0.25 d−1, almost 4-fold higher than that in the windrows. During composting, the concentrations of humic substances (HS), humic acids (HA), and the fulvic fraction (FF) changed. HS, HA, and FF formation proceeded according to 1. order kinetics, and their respective rates were 1.33 mg C/(g OM d), 1.03 mg C/(g OM d), and 0.76 mg C/(g OM d). However, in mature compost, FF predominated (ca. 70%) in HS. These results indicate that waste willow-bark, a product of salicylate extraction, can be successfully reused as an amendment during municipal sewage sludge composting. Both waste willow-bark reuse and sewage sludge composting are compatible with a circular economy.
- Subjects :
- Geography, Planning and Development
Amendment
TJ807-830
02 engineering and technology
010501 environmental sciences
Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
engineering.material
TD194-195
01 natural sciences
Windrow
Renewable energy sources
020401 chemical engineering
GE1-350
Organic matter
0204 chemical engineering
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
organic matter
chemistry.chemical_classification
Environmental effects of industries and plants
sewage sludge
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Compost
humic substances
Biodegradable waste
Pulp and paper industry
waste willow bark
Humus
Environmental sciences
humic acids
chemistry
fulvic fraction
engineering
composting
Fertilizer
Sludge
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 20711050
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Sustainability
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....29f8cb017b8e71501910f4b5313603af
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126771