Clinical value of ultradeep HIV-1 genotyping and tropism testing in late presenters with advanced disease

Objective: This article aims to investigate if the detection of preexisting drug-resistant minority variant (DRMV) and/or X4 HIV-1 variants could improve the efficacy of first-line combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) in late presenters. Design: Post-hoc, combined analysis of two open-label, prospective, randomized clinical trials comparing first-line ART with efavirenz (EFV) vs. ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r)-based regimens in ART-naive, HIV-1-infected patients, with CD4(+) T-cell counts less than 100 cells/mu l and wild-type HIV-1 by bulk sequencing. Methods: Pre-ART samples were reanalyzed for the presence of DRMVs and X4 HIV-1 using 454 sequencing. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used to evaluate the association between X4 HIV and DRMVs and risk of virological failure. Results: From 141 evaluable patients, 57 received EFV, and 84 received PI/r, including first-line ART. Median pre-ART CD4(+) T-cell counts and HIV-1 RNA levels were 39 cells/mu l and 257-424 copies/ml, respectively; 35.5% of patients had X4 HIV variants. Detection of DRMVs leading to an ART-specific cumulative HIVdb score of at least 10 increased the risk of virological failure in patients initiating EFV [log-rank P = 0.048, hazard ratio = 4.3 (95% confidence interval: 0.8, 25.0), P = 0.074], but not in those starting PI/r. Presence of X4 HIV did not affect virological outcomes, but was associated with impaired CD4(+) T-cell count recovery over 2 years (214 vs. 315 cells/mu l with X4 vs. R5 HIV-1 tropism, respectively, P = 0.017). Conclusion: Accounting for preexisting DRMVs may improve the outcomes of first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART in late presenters with advanced immune suppression. Presence of X4 HIV-1 at diagnosis predicts impaired immune restoration under ART. Copyright (C) 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.