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Local Toxicity of Biocides after Direct and Aerosol Exposure on the Human Skin Epidermis and Airway Tissue Models
- Source :
- Toxics; Volume 9; Issue 2; Pages: 29, Toxics, Toxics, Vol 9, Iss 29, p 29 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Biocides are commonly used as spray- or trigger-type formulations, thus dermal and respiratory exposure to biocide aerosol is unavoidable. However, little is known about the impact of aerosolization on the local toxicity of biocides on the skin or the airway. We compared the local toxicity of biocides after direct or aerosol exposure on reconstructed human skin epidermis and upper airway models. Three biocides, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT), 2-phenoxyethanol (PE), and 2-phenylphenol (OPP), most widely used in the market were selected. When the biocide was treated in aerosols, toxicity to the skin epidermis and upper airway tissue became significantly attenuated compared with the direct application as determined by the higher tissue viabilities. This was further confirmed in histological examination, wherein the tissue damages were less pronounced. LC-MS/MS and GC/MS analysis revealed that concentrations of biocides decreased during aerosolization. Importantly, the toxicity of biocides treated in 3 μm (median mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)) aerosols was stronger than that of 5 μm aerosol, suggesting that the aerosol particle size may affect biocide toxicity. Collectively, we demonstrated that aerosolization could affect the local toxicity of biocides on the skin epidermis and the upper airway.
- Subjects :
- Biocide
KeraSkinTM
aerosol
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Human skin
010501 environmental sciences
Pharmacology
lcsh:Chemical technology
Toxicology
01 natural sciences
biocides
complex mixtures
Article
3D reconstructed model
reconstructed human epidermis
SoluAirwayTM
reconstructed human airway mucosa
03 medical and health sciences
lcsh:TP1-1185
Respiratory system
Aerosolization
030304 developmental biology
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
0303 health sciences
Chemical Health and Safety
Epidermis (botany)
Chemistry
respiratory system
Aerosol
Toxicity
Airway
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 23056304
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Toxics; Volume 9; Issue 2; Pages: 29
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....24ffc0d0cc7f01adc08fac76f3471a02
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020029