Microsurgical free flap reconstructions of the head and neck region: Shanghai experience of 34 years and 4640 flaps

This study represents the surgical experience of 4481 microvascular free flap cases performed at the authors' institution in China, between 1979 and 2013. Four thousand four hundred and eighty-one patients underwent reconstruction with 4640 flaps: 56% radial forearm flaps, 8% iliac crest flaps, 13% fibula flaps, 10% anterolateral thigh flaps, and other flaps. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the flap transfer was required following tumour resection (97.5%). Three hundred and twenty minor complications (6.9%) occurred. One hundred and eighteen major complications (2.5%) were encountered: 114 cases of failure (2.4%) and four deaths. Among the 118 cases with major complications, 26 - 22.0% - had received radiotherapy; this proportion was higher than the 6.9% in the minor complications group and 8.1% in the non-intervention group. Venous thrombosis was the most common complication at the recipient site and was the main cause of flap failure. When a compromised flap is identified, surgical re-exploration should not be delayed. This study confirms that free flaps are reliable in achieving successful reconstruction in the head and neck region; however this technique requires extensive clinical experience. Owing to the large number of flap options, microsurgeons should always pay attention to the details of the different surgical defects and choose the most appropriate flap.