Back to Search
Start Over
Oxidation of diclofenac in water by sodium hypochlorite: Identification of new degradation by-products and their ecotoxicological evaluation
- Publication Year :
- 2020
-
Abstract
- Diclofenac (DCF) is the most widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the world and it has been detected in drinking and surface waters. In this paper, the effect of chlorination process on DCF in aqueous solutions was investigated and the structures of 14 isolated degradation by-products (DPs), of which nine are new, have been determined from combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data and justified by a proposed mechanism of formation beginning from the parent drug. Some degradation by-products show only one phenyl, others are dimers or trimers of the parental compound, which has undergone oxidative decarboxylation of the side chain and/or chlorination of this or one or both aromatic rings. Ecotoxicological bioassays evidenced the following sensitivities D. magna < R. subcapitata < A. fischeri. The isolated DPs (DP1−8, except for DP9) exhibited effects ≥ 50 % in the exposed microalgae and crustaceans showing toxicities mainly ranked from slight to acute.
- Subjects :
- Diclofenac
Sodium Hypochlorite
Clinical Biochemistry
Pharmaceutical Science
Hypochlorite
01 natural sciences
Analytical Chemistry
chemistry.chemical_compound
Drug Discovery
medicine
Bioassay
Chlorination
Water treatment
Spectroscopy
Oxidative decarboxylation
Aqueous solution
010405 organic chemistry
Chemistry
010401 analytical chemistry
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Water
0104 chemical sciences
Degradation by-product
Sodium hypochlorite
Degradation (geology)
Genotoxicity
Oxidation-Reduction
Water Pollutants, Chemical
medicine.drug
Nuclear chemistry
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....24229f57dc337cba4490f7c06de672ad