Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney with Vena Caval Involvement: Report of 3 Cases and A Review of the Literature

Vena caval tumor thrombus in association with transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney is uncommon, with only 9 cases having been reported to our knowledge. We report 3 additional cases and review this subject with particular attention to symptoms, radiographic evaluation and the importance of early diagnosis.