Xylitol Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide fromPorphyromonas gingivalis

Porphyromonas gingivalisis one of the suspected periodontopathic bacteria. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ofP. gingivalisis a key factor in the development of periodontitis. Inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the gingival tissue destruction that is a characteristic of periodontitis. Macrophages are prominent at chronic inflammatory sites and are considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Xylitol stands out and is widely believed to possess anticaries properties. However, to date, little is known about the effect of xylitol on periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to determine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression when RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated withP. gingivalisLPS (hereafter, LPS refers toP. gingivalisLPS unless stated otherwise) and the effect of xylitol on the LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β expression. The kinetics of TNF-α and IL-1β levels in culture supernatant after LPS treatment showed peak values at 1 h (TNF-α) and 2 to 4 h (IL-1β), respectively. NF-κB, a transcription factor, was also activated by LPS treatment. These cytokine expressions and NF-κB activation were suppressed by pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (an inhibitor of NF-κB). Pretreatment with xylitol inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression and protein synthesis. LPS-induced mobilization of NF-κB was also inhibited by pretreatment with xylitol in a dose-dependent manner. Xylitol also showed inhibitory effect on the growth ofP. gingivalis.Taken together, these findings suggest that xylitol may have good clinical effect not only for caries but also for periodontitis by its inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression.