Role of bone marrow biopsy for fever of unknown origin in the contemporary Australian context

BACKGROUND Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) is an accepted investigation in fever of unknown origin (FUO) to uncover haematological malignancies, such as lymphoma, and sometimes infections. With the advance in imaging modalities, such as 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to identify the focus of lymphoma, BMB may not contribute to the diagnosis when there are no other clinical features to suggest an underlying haematological disease. AIM To investigate the utility of BMB in determining the cause of FUO, when there are no other indications for BMB. METHODS Medical records of adult patients who had BMB performed for FUO or febrile illness from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2014 in four metropolitan tertiary hospitals in Melbourne, Australia were reviewed. Patients with other concurrent indications for BMB, known human immunodeficiency virus infection and previously diagnosed connective tissue diseases were excluded. RESULTS Seventy-three patients were included in the study. Fifty-one patients had a final diagnosis for fever (systemic inflammatory diseases, infective, malignancy or other) while 22 patients had no diagnoses. In only 10 patients (13.7%) did BMB contribute to the diagnosis, finding either malignancy or granulomata. However, all these diagnoses could have been made without BMB. Two patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma had normal BMB. FDG-PET was helpful in making a diagnosis in eight (25%) out of 32 patients. CONCLUSION Performing BMB in patients with FUO and no other haematological abnormalities is of very limited value, and other investigations, such as FDG-PET, may be more likely to help establish a definitive diagnosis.