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Investigation on Recycling Dry Toilet Generated Blackwater by Anaerobic Digestion: From Energy Recovery to Sanitation
- Source :
- Sustainability, Vol 13, Iss 4090, p 4090 (2021), Sustainability; Volume 13; Issue 8; Pages: 4090
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely adapted for blackwater treatment, however, the effect of water-conserving toilet generated blackwater on the AD process is still unknown. In this study, the anaerobic digestion process of dry toilet generated blackwater was investigated by means of a biomethane potential test. It was demonstrated that anaerobic digestion was inhibited and then adapted because of a high total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) level (3673.3 mg/L). The start-up period was 14.04 days and the biomethane potential of dry toilet blackwater was 402.36 mLCH4/gVS (55 days, 38 °C). Inhabitation and adaptation could be described as the increase of free ammonia nitrogen content and acetic acid concentration, followed by an enhancement of the relative abundance of acetic acid-type methanogens (from 33.53–61.52%). The main pathogen in dry toilet blackwater fermentation broth, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, kept multiplying in the first 8 days and then stabilized at a higher level than that of the beginning. This work showed the self-adjustment process and pathogen dynamics of dry toilet blackwater anaerobic digestion and highlights the significance of dry toilet blackwater characteristics when designing and maintaining anaerobic digestion sanitary treatment and reuse systems.
- Subjects :
- 020209 energy
sanitation
Geography, Planning and Development
lcsh:TJ807-830
lcsh:Renewable energy sources
02 engineering and technology
010501 environmental sciences
Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
01 natural sciences
Ammonia nitrogen
Biogas
0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
Dry toilet
sustainable treatment
Fermentation broth
lcsh:Environmental sciences
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Blackwater
Toilet
lcsh:GE1-350
Energy recovery
blackwater
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Chemistry
lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants
Pulp and paper industry
Anaerobic digestion
dry toilet
lcsh:TD194-195
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 20711050
- Volume :
- 13
- Issue :
- 4090
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Sustainability
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....1dab1ba07bfc2567043ceb2312e3129e