Additional file 1: of Efficient in vivo bone formation by BMP-2 engineered human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a projection stereolithographically fabricated hydrogel scaffold

Figure S1. Under computerized control, VL-PSL is able to fabricate scaffolds with different geometries (A) and internal architectures, such as a porous structure (B). Bar = 5 mm in (B). Figure S2. Mechanical test. (A) The device for mechanical test. (B) Representative force-displacement curve of the tested samples from the Gene and Protein groups (in vivo study) in this test. Figure S3. hBMSC transduced with a lentiviral BMP-2 and eGFP containing gene construct and maintained in 2D culture. (A) Phase contrast microscopy; and (B) Epifluorescence microscopy. Bar = 200 μm. Figure S4. ALP activity and osteogenesis-associated gene expression in naïve hBMSCs (Control) and lentiviral BMP-2 construct transduced hBMSCs (BMP-2). The latter showed significantly higher ALP staining (A, purple) and enhanced OCN and BSP II expression as measured by real-time PCR (B). Figure S5. 3D confocal imaging of hBMSCs within scaffolds. hBMSCs (green) were infected with Lentiviral-BMP-2-eGFP. Bar = 100 μm. Figure S6. Strong eGFP expression in lentiviral BMP-2 transduced hBMSCs encapsulated in gelatin scaffolds remained after 56 days in culture. Bar = 100 μm. (PDF 1824 kb)