On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of a Cycloarene: C108 Graphene Ring

The synthesis of cycloarenes in solution is challenging because of their low solubility and the often hindered cyclodehydrogenation reaction of their nonplanar precursors. Using an alternative on-surface synthesis protocol, we achieved an unprecedented double-stranded hexagonal cycloarene containing 108 sp2 carbon atoms. Its synthesis is based on hierarchical Ullmann coupling and cyclodehydrogenation of a specially designed precursor on a Au(111) surface. The structure and other properties of the cycloarene are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and density functional theory calculations.