TiO2 nanoparticles induced micronucleus formation in human liver (HepG2) cells: comparison of conventional and flow cytometry based methods

Background TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are extensively used metal oxide NPs in cosmetics, as an additive in pharmaceuticals, food colorant etc. Being widely used NPs, their toxicity assessment studies help in understanding the adverse effects to the humans. It is likely that NPs exposure to the humans can be through different routes but will finally reach the liver. Therefore, an attempt was made to explore the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs on human liver cells (HepG2).