Karyotype evolution and acquisition of FLT3 or RAS pathway alterations drive progression of myelodysplastic syndrome to acute myeloid leukemia

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms associated with aberrant myeloid differentiation and ineffective hematopoiesis leading to cytopenias. In more than 20% of affected patients the MDS transforms into secondary acute myeloid leukemia (s-AML). To date