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( R )‐Ketamine exerts antidepressant actions partly via conversion to ( 2R,6R )‐hydroxynorketamine, while causing adverse effects at sub‐anaesthetic doses
- Source :
- Br J Pharmacol
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- Wiley, 2019.
-
Abstract
- BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: (R)‐Ketamine (arketamine) may have utility as a rapidly acting antidepressant. While (R)‐ketamine has lower potency than (R,S)‐ketamine to inhibit NMDA receptors in vitro, the extent to which (R)‐ketamine shares the NMDA receptor‐mediated adverse effects of (R,S)‐ketamine in vivo has not been fully characterised. Furthermore, (R)‐ketamine is metabolised to (2R,6R)‐hydroxynorketamine (HNK), which may contribute to its antidepressant‐relevant actions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Using mice, we compared (R)‐ketamine with a deuterated form of the drug (6,6‐dideutero‐(R)‐ketamine, (R)‐d(2)‐ketamine), which hinders its metabolism to (2R,6R)‐HNK, in behavioural tests predicting antidepressant responses. We also examined the actions of intracerebroventricularly infused (2R,6R)‐HNK. Further, we quantified putative NMDA receptor inhibition‐mediated adverse effects of (R)‐ketamine. KEY RESULTS: (R)‐d(2)‐Ketamine was identical to (R)‐ketamine in binding to and functionally inhibiting NMDA receptors but hindered (R)‐ketamine's metabolism to (2R,6R)‐HNK. (R)‐Ketamine exerted greater potency than (R)‐d(2)‐ketamine in several antidepressant‐sensitive behavioural measures, consistent with a role of (2R,6R)‐HNK in the actions of (R)‐ketamine. There were dose‐dependent sustained antidepressant‐relevant actions of (2R,6R)‐HNK following intracerebroventricular administration. (R)‐Ketamine exerted NMDA receptor inhibition‐mediated behaviours similar to (R,S)‐ketamine, including locomotor stimulation, conditioned‐place preference, prepulse inhibition deficits, and motor incoordination, with approximately half the potency of the racemic drug. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Metabolism of (R)‐ketamine to (2R,6R)‐HNK increases the potency of (R)‐ketamine to exert antidepressant‐relevant actions in mice. Adverse effects of (R)‐ketamine require higher doses than those necessary for antidepressant‐sensitive behavioural changes in mice. However, our data revealing that (R)‐ketamine's adverse effects are elicited at sub‐anaesthetic doses indicate a potential risk for sensory dissociation and abuse liability.
- Subjects :
- Male
0301 basic medicine
Hydroxynorketamine
Pharmacology
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Mice
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
In vivo
medicine
Animals
Potency
Ketamine
Arketamine
Prepulse inhibition
Anesthetics
Behavior, Animal
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Depression
Chemistry
Stereoisomerism
Research Papers
Antidepressive Agents
Infusions, Intraventricular
030104 developmental biology
NMDA receptor
Antidepressant
Female
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
medicine.drug
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 14765381 and 00071188
- Volume :
- 176
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- British Journal of Pharmacology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....15f217b7dac4246af778c03191675041