Improvement of non-specific immunity, growth, and activity of digestive enzymes in Carassius auratus as a result of apple cider vinegar administration to diet

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) administration on non-specific immunity of serum and skin mucus, growth indices, and activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease) in Carassius auratus. For this purpose, 180 fish (weighing 7.35 ± 0.19 g) were allocated to 4 treatment groups with 3 replications in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed for 105 days using a basal diet supplemented with 0% (control), 1% (T 1), 2% (T 2), and 4% (T 3) ACV (contained 5% acetic acid). Results showed a significant increase in lysozyme activity, ACH50, and total immunoglobulin of skin mucus in fish fed with T2 diet (p