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Clionapyrrolidine A—A Metabolite from the Encrusting and Excavating Sponge Cliona tenuis that Kills Coral Tissue upon Contact
- Source :
- Journal of Chemical Ecology. 34:1565-1574
- Publication Year :
- 2008
- Publisher :
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2008.
-
Abstract
- The Caribbean encrusting and excavating sponge Cliona tenuis successfully competes for space with reef corals by undermining, killing, and displacing live coral tissue at rates of up to 20 cm per year. The crude extract from this sponge, along with the more polar partitions, kills coral tissue and lowers the photosynthetic potential of coral zooxanthellae. We used a bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract to identify the compound(s) responsible. The crude extract, the aqueous partition, and compound 1, herein named clionapyrrolidine A [(-)-(5S)-2-imino-1-methylpyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid], when incorporated into gels at close to natural volumetric concentrations, killed coral tissue when brought into forced contact with live coral for periods of 1-4 days. This is the first report of a pure chemical produced by a sponge that kills coral tissue upon direct contact. The results are consistent with the localized coral death that occurs when C. tenuis-colonized coral fragments are thrown forcibly against live coral during storms. However, healed C. tenuis fragments placed directly onto live coral were killed readily by coral defenses, and fragments placed in close proximity to coral did not have any effect on the adjacent coral tissue. Solutions of clionapyrrolidine A in sea water were only slightly toxic against live coral. Hence, the coral death naturally brought about by C. tenuis when undermining live coral does not occur through external release of allelochemicals; below-polyp mechanisms must be explored further. N-acetylhomoagmatine (2), originally isolated from Cliona celata from the Northeastern Atlantic, was also assayed for comparison purposes because of its structural similarity to siphonodictidine, a toxic compound produced by a coral excavating sponge of the genus Aka. The lack of activity of N-acetylhomoagmatine at close to natural concentrations seems to indicate that the guanidine moiety, which is also present in siphonodictidine, is not a sufficiently strong structural motif for activity against corals.
- Subjects :
- Cnidaria
Pyrrolidines
Cliona celata
Coral
Biochemistry
Botany
Animals
Reef
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Allelopathy
geography
geography.geographical_feature_category
Cell Death
biology
fungi
technology, industry, and agriculture
General Medicine
biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition
Anthozoa
biology.organism_classification
Porifera
Sponge
Zooxanthellae
population characteristics
Biological Assay
Coelenterata
geographic locations
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15731561 and 00980331
- Volume :
- 34
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Journal of Chemical Ecology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....147f4ac2d49048bdb2bd6843139e3211