Epidemiology and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection in allogeneic hematopoietic cell and lung transplant recipients

Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common complication of lung and allogeneic hematopoietic cell (HCT) transplant, but the epidemiology and outcomes of CDI after transplant are poorly described. Methods We performed a prospective, multicenter study of CDI within 365 days post-allogeneic HCT or lung transplantation. Data were collected via patient interviews and medical chart review. Participants were followed weekly in the 12 weeks post-transplant and while hospitalized and contacted monthly up to 18 months post-transplantation. Results Six sites participated in the study with 614 total participants; 4 enrolled allogeneic HCT (385 participants) and 5 enrolled lung transplant recipients (229 participants). One hundred and fifty CDI cases occurred within 1 year of transplantation; the incidence among lung transplant recipients was 13.1% and among allogeneic HCTs was 31.2%. Median time to CDI was significantly shorter among allogeneic HCT than lung transplant recipients (27 days vs 90 days; P = .037). CDI was associated with significantly higher mortality from 31 to 180 days post-index date among the allogeneic HCT recipients (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.80; P = .007). There was a trend towards increased mortality among lung transplant recipients from 120 to 180 days post-index date (HR = 4.7, P = .09). Conclusions The epidemiology and outcomes of CDI vary by transplant population; surveillance for CDI should continue beyond the immediate post-transplant period.